The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. At the . Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Kublai Khan The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. [2][3]. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. And so the war was waged. Updates? ", McCaffrey, Cecily. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Updates? Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. "White Lotus Rebellion Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 - Wikipedia The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The rebels are all our own subjects. ." In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. (present perfect, tell). In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. They are not like some external tribe . Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. He simply and quietly disappeared. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Szczepanski, Kallie. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. White Lotus - Wikipedia Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Update now. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. ", Dai, Yingcong. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Encyclopedia.com. Szczepanski, Kallie. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? . White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Corrections? Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; . It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Chien-lung A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. //]]>. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. . A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. READ: Economic and Material Causes of Revolt - Khan Academy