Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. The account of the Acholi reaching Encyclopedia.com. Conflict. More development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. London: James Currey. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Uma, F. K. (1971). prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. "Acholi With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Apoko, Anna (1967). Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local 2008. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. This included both agricultural and hunting land. authority of a district commissioner. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. This made the chiefs more independent from Jur Alur They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Linguistic Affiliation. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Kasozi, A. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. (1988). be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Identification. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Stream and swamp fishing are important. In . The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. ." The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Dwyer, John O. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Religious Beliefs. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Kinship Terminology. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Inheritance. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Shilluk Acholi element of the social and political environment of the region. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and [1994], p. 80). According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. 20- (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Malandra, Alfred (1939). But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. . Marriage. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing.