The lengthy viremia and fecal shedding in rHEV-infected rabbits resembled human chronic HEV infection. Corrections? ; Yarbough, P.O. Haqshenas, G.; Shivaprasad, H.L. However, almost 30 percent of all lagomorph species are recognized as endangered species, including four pikas, seven hares, seven cottontails, and seven other rabbits. Nearly absentee parents, most lagomorph mothers visit their young to nurse only once a day, and the duration of nursing is very short. Similarly, fecal shedding was positive for 8 days of hatching. Lagomorphs are herbivores and feed on grasses, leaves, seeds, bark, and other plant matter. Rodents fingers are positioned the other way around than those of lagomorphs. ; Poleschuk, V.F. The endocrine function of human placenta: An overview. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. They confirmed the occurrence of positive-strand HEV RNA in many tissues by RT-PCR. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ; de Roda Husman, A.M.; Poel, W.H. ; Jumaa, A.M.; Gasim, G.I. However, despite how well known this animal is, we have to clarify quite a common mistake that people make: rabbits arent rodents. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies occurred at 37 wpi except for one rabbit that demonstrated no seroconversion. This chapter covers studies dealing with exposure and effects of environmental contaminants on rodent and lagomorph species, including pesticides You are accessing a machine-readable page. This double-digestion process allows lagomorphs to utilize nutrients missed during the first passage through the digestive tract and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat. Hepatitis E virus in rabbits, Virginia, USA. One of the best approaches to studying HEV in pregnancy is likely a combinatorial approach that uses the best combination of emerging in vitro and in vivo systems while accounting for the deficiencies that are present in each model. Look at those feet! One of the ways in which lagomorphs differ from rodents is that the former have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two, as in the Rodentia). Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely ; Woo, P.C.Y. In summary, alterations in the Th1:Th2 cell ratio throughout pregnancy can be seen with a significant tilt in the direction of Th2 cells. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk. Therefore, rabbits are part of the lagomorph order and are not part of the Rodentia ordernot classifying them as rodents. Both groups eat plant matter. ; Thacker, B.J. Although convincing results from previous studies have proved rabbits to be one of the best models to utilize for HEV pregnancy mortality at the current time, there are specific drawbacks to the model. ; da Fonseca, L.B. Purcell, R.H.; Engle, R.E. A distinctive feature setting lagomorphs apart from rodents is the presence of a second pair of peglike incisors set directly behind the large, continuously growing pair in the upper jaw. Chauhan, A.; Webb, G.; Ferguson, J. **What can naked mole rats tell us about aging? The leporids (family Leporidae) consist of 30 species of hare (genus Lepus) and 28 species of rabbit, in 10 genera (Pentalagus, Pronolagus, Romerolagus, Caprolagus, Oryctolagus, Sylvilagus, Brachylagus, Bunolagus, Poelagus, Nesolagus). Replication of hepatitis E virus in the ovary and promotion of oocyte apoptosis in rabbits infected with HEV-4. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Apart from two, all the tested fetuses were positive, suggesting that the BALB/C mouse model is adequate for pursuing the vertical spread of HEV from the mother to the fetus but requires independent verification [, Furthermore, in 2021, Yang et al. Several studies are ongoing to establish an animal model mimicking the HEV clinical manifestations seen in humans, to understand the pregnancy-related pathology, and to identify the novel characteristics of HEV replication. Sayed, I.M. ; Xu, L.; Xia, Y.; Cong, C.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, Z.; Li, T.; Wei, D.; et al. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Microbial populations have been described in herbivores, omnivores and carnivores and in all zoological classes including insects, fish, reptiles, birds, rodents, lagomorphs, pigs, horses, elephants, marsupials, sheep, goats, cattle, camels, antelopes, monkeys and humans, and even dinosaurs. Lagomorphs are similar to other mammals in that they all have hair, four limbs (i.e., they are tetrapods), and mammary glands and are endotherms. WebDifferences between lagomorphs and other mammals Although lagomorphs are more closely related to rodents than any other mammals, the two orders still have some major These are about the size of their Clinical presentations of Hepatitis E: A clinical review with representative case histories. Future perspectives would be designed to a suitable experimental model system resembling in vivo tissue architecture such as organoids, spheroids, bioprinted microtissues, and organ on-chip systems [. Tian, J.; Shi, R.; Liu, T.; She, R.; Wu, Q.; An, J.; Hao, W.; Soomro, M.H. An increase in ALT and AST was seen in three out of four of the remaining rabbits without miscarriage. Shynlova, O.; Nadeem, L.; Zhang, J.; Dunk, C.; Lye, S. Myometrial activation: Novel concepts underlying labor. Due to their extensive usage as model animals, there are many commercially available reagents for mapping almost every aspect of a murine immune response, and mice are amenable to techniques such as immune cell transfer experiments. In addition, they could not see any notable microscopic lesions in any of the piglets or fetuses [, At 12 dpi, the necropsy of inoculated gilts (, In 2005, Huang et al. - they replace the protective caps on their chromosomes throught their whole lives, therefore preventing cancer and living longer. What is the molar heat of condensation of ammonia? Navaneethan, U.; Al Mohajer, M.; Shata, M.T. Interestingly, even after the disappearance of viremia, they were able to detect positive-strand viral RNA between 20 and 27 dpi in swine HEV-inoculated pigs and at 27 dpi in human HEV-inoculated pigs. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: Understanding the pathogenesis. Except for the negative control, all other groups were either inoculated with rabbit HEV gt3 (CHN-BJ-R14), swine HEV gt4 (CHN-SD-SW2), or human HEV gt3 (CHN-SH-W). So, we hope all of this has cleared up the differences between rabbits and rodents! They demonstrated that the imbalance of the Th1/Th2 immune condition in HEV-infected mice could be related to the elevated frequency of miscarriage. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers. ; Lopez-Tello, J.; Sferruzzi-Perri, A.N. 8 Potential Methods, How Many Horses Are There? Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Dekel, N.; Gnainsky, Y.; Granot, I.; Mor, G. Inflammation and implantation. A distinctive feature setting lagomorphs apart from rodents is the presence of a second pair of peglike incisors set directly behind the large, continuously growing ; Chadha, M.S. They found that two/six pregnant rabbits had a miscarriage while three of the remaining four HEV-infected pregnant rabbits died. Yang, C.; Hao, X.; Li, Y.; Long, F.; He, Q.; Huang, F.; Yu, W. Successful Establishment of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Pregnant BALB/c Mice. The second pair of incisors in the Lagomorpha have no cutting surface and are called pivot teeth. Neither Rodentia nor Lagomorpha have canine teeth. Between the incisors and the oral cavity there is a haired cheek or lip fold that closes off the oral cavity. This makes inspection of the mouth relatively difficult in both orders. They found that gt3 HEV was significantly less virulent than human gt1 and gt2 [, To demonstrate the vertical transmission, three pregnant rhesus macaques were infected with HEV gt4 (KM01 strain derived from HEV-infected swine stool; 5.1 10, To study chronic HEV infection and to mimic immunocompromised patients, cynomolgus macaques were treated with tacrolimus, a potent calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant, and were determinedly inoculated with gt3 HEV strain [, NHPs share the most similar course of pregnancy to humans in terms of placenta composition, pregnancy hormones, and length of gestation. The infectivity of the orally administered virus was minimal, with only two rabbits displaying fecal shedding and seroconversion [, Interestingly, around 2014, Han et al. ; Sun, Z.F. Billam, P.; Huang, F.F. The molar heat of vaporization of ammonia is 23.3 kJ/mol. ; Zack, P.; Shapiro, M.; Purcell, R.H. Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques. Surprisingly, inoculated gilts/piglets showed no HEV-related clinical signs/fever. ; Khudyakov, Y.E. ; Savinov, A.P. ; Bill, C.H., 2nd. ; Kenney, S.P. ; Holmberg, S.D. Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ; Burney, M.I. ; Pas, S.D. Montpellier, C.; Wychowski, C.; Sayed, I.M. From 3 to 14 dpi, positive-stranded viral RNA was detected in the tissues of swine HEV-infected pigs. examined twenty undamaged eggs gathered at 3 weeks p.i. Hormones and the Endocrine, System: Textbook of Endocrinology, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Investigating Catheter-Related Infections in Southern Benin Hospitals: Identification, Susceptibility, and Resistance Genes of Involved Bacterial Strains, Liver Transaminases in Pediatric Adenovirus InfectionA Five-Year Study in Two Major Reference Centers from Romania, https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030618, Emerging Pathogens Causing Acute Hepatitis, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China. Legrand-Abravanel, F.; Kamar, N.; Sandres-Saune, K.; Garrouste, C.; Dubois, M.; Mansuy, J.M. This phase is similar to wound healing, primarily due to embryo implantation, invasion, and the vascularization of trophoblast cells into the maternal endometrium [, The second immunological stage of pregnancy is marked by the speedy growth of the fetus. However, they cannot produce cellulase enzyme, ; Risbud, A.R. During early, middle, and late pregnancy, HEV RNA (both positive and negative strands) could be seen in HEV-injected mothers. Furthermore, they demonstrated that all HEV-injected pigs seroconverted to anti-HEV IgG. They are also noted for their impact on native vegetation. The front of the incisors is covered with thick protective layers of enamel. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further apart than the mandibular arcades, meaning that only one side of the cheek teeth can be occluded at a given time. Rein, D.B. ; Hoke, C.H., Jr.; LeDuc, J.W. Also, All lagomorphs (meaning hare-shaped) are small to medium-sized terrestrial herbivores. Their incisors continue to grow throughout their lives, which is also true of rodents and they have a gap between their incisors and the teeth by their cheeks. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. They are sociable animals, usually preferring to live with other rabbits. ; Emerson, S.U. What are rodents similarities and differences? ; Purcell, R.H. Teo, C.G. ; Li, J.; Zhu, Y.H. Gardinali, N.R. Although rabbits do not have any canine teeth and meet other criteria to be considered rodents, they have four incisors on the top row of teeth. Rodents and lagomorphs form Glires, a group of gnawing mammals with enlarged ever-growing incisors. ; Teo, E.C. Through these, the interactions between seeds and small rodents or lagomorphs are not exclusively positive (seed dispersal) or negative (seed predation), but located at some point along a mutualismantagonism continuum, which makes food-hoarding animals conditional mutualists (Theimer, 2005, Gmez et al., 2019). Rijhsinghani, A.G.; Thompson, K.; Bhatia, S.K. they have 2 specifically designed upper and lower incisor teeth What is unique about rodent teeth? ; Fu, H.; Wang, L.; Li, M.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. Different susceptibility and pathogenesis of rabbit genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV-3) and human HEV-3 (JRC-HE3) in SPF rabbits. reported HEV gt1 replication in the decidua and placenta tissue explants with observable apoptotic cells [, The above-mentioned in vitro studies and ex vivo studies such as JEG-3, PHESCs, and studies use the decidua basalis and fetal placenta, which demonstrate the relative differences in the interferon response, tissue damage and viral replication ability of gt1 and gt3 HEV. Additionally, rabbits and rodents are both found all over the world. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail, and strong hind limbs that provide a bounding locomotion. The back side of the incisors has no enamel. ; Van Der Net, G.; Robert, A.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Haagmans, B.L. It tends to be very clean, which makes them a great choice for a family pet and even as a house pet. One characteristic that rabbits and other lagomorphs have is that their legs are covered in fur. Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages were apparent upon histopathological examination, suggesting that severe inflammatory responses were seen in the uterus of terminated mice (middle pregnancy). This means that if you are not prepared for a lot of responsibility, a rabbit may not be the right pet for you. How was law and order maintained in Anglo-Saxon England? (c) Find the number of microstates for each macrostate, and be sure the total agrees with your answer to part (b). ; Sayed, I.M. Roberts, R.M. Arankalle, V.A. ; Park, B.J. A bicistronic subgenomic mRNA encodes both the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of hepatitis E virus. ; Meng, X.J. ; Meng, X.J. Moreover, when the human strain (gt1, sar55) was used in mice, RNA levels were reported to be 10, In 2019, Yang et al. Fine modulation of Th1/Th2 stability is a crucial cause for the safeguarding of fetuses as opposed to abortions in mice [, They also reported the vertical spread of HEV from the mother to the fetus. In addition, rodents only have tooth enamel on the front of their teeth, which usually has yellowish or orange tones. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Their incisors continue to grow throughout their lives, which is also true of rodents and they have a gap between their incisors and the teeth by their cheeks. ; Song, B.; Nimgaonkar, I.; Hrebikova, G.; Contreras, J.E. ; Engler, W.F. Even though both groups of animals gnaw, lagomorphs do so by moving their jaw from right to left, while rodents move theirs from front to back. Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. Leblanc, D.; Ward, P.; Gagne, M.J.; Poitras, E.; Muller, P.; Trottier, Y.L. While rabbits are not rodents, they do make excellent pets, and they do share a lot of similar characteristics to their rodent counterparts. Chatterjee, P.; Chiasson, V.L. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Tsega, E.; Hansson, B.G. ; Karsany, M.S. Featured Image Credit by: A Beijeman, Pixabay. Liver tissue histopathology in pregnant rabbits with HEV infection was also conducted and demonstrated bridging necrosis or piecemeal necrosis and the infiltration of inflammatory cells via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells. One common and interesting feature of lagomorph reproduction is how inattentive the mothers are to their young. Both are rodents but they have some genetic differences rats have 21 pairs of chromosomes and mice have 20 chromosomal pairs. Significant differences between the timing and interplay of these systems are notable between species, and making direct comparisons between animals and humans can be difficult at times. The Rodentia (rodent) is the largest group of mammals, with 1500 of them being rodents (out of 4000 mammals). ; Foquet, L.; Verhoye, L.; Abravanel, F.; Farhoudi, A.; Leroux-Roels, G.; Izopet, J.; Meuleman, P. Transmission of hepatitis E virus infection to human-liver chimeric FRG mice using patient plasma. Pathobiology of hepatitis E: Lessons learned from primate models. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. Balayan, M.S. ; Dama, B.M. In contrast, the virulence of the same strain was comparatively higher, as suggested by elevated liver enzymes [, Furthermore, HEV infects different NHPs, including pig-tailed macaques, vervets, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and patas monkeys but tamarins the infections are dubious because infection was not demonstrated in all the inoculated animals [, To examine the virulence between several HEV genotypes, rhesus monkeys were used. Rabbit life cycle: How Long Do Rabbits Live As Pets. (a) The model should be susceptible to genotypes 14. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030618, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Similarly, plasma from the constant patient developed into disease (1/2). The primary difference among placental types is in the number of cell layers in the interhaemal area and the ease with which the transfer of macromolecules between the maternal and fetal blood occurs, making it an important factor with respect to the difference in placental permeability between animal species. They are relatively low-maintenance animals that require plenty of exercise and a diet of fresh vegetables and hay. Zhang, Y.; Gong, W.; Song, W.T. ; Lehman, J.R.; Webb, D.M. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in all the infants, and HEV RNA was detected in five. Experimental hepatitis E in pregnant rhesus monkeys: Failure to transmit hepatitis E virus (HEV) to offspring and evidence of naturally acquired antibodies to HE.V. Thats why both groups of mammals need to gnaw; it wears down their teeth. The evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. This is something that we dont see in lagomorphs. What is the difference between mammals and rodents? Purdy, M.A. ; Chiu, T.H. ; Gorbalenya, A.E. Six SPF Japanese white rabbits (R1R6) were injected IV with 10, Hence, Wang et al. ; Emerson, S.U. An, J.; Liu, T.; She, R.; Wu, Q.; Tian, J.; Shi, R.; Hao, W.; Ren, X.; Yang, Y.; Lu, Y.; et al. Much meat, much malady: Changing perceptions of the epidemiology of hepatitis E. Kuniholm, M.H. Study of hepatitis E virus infection of genotype 1 and 3 in mice with humanised liver. The rodent is classified as a gnawing mammal that has two pairs of incisors and does not have any canine teeth. Spencer, T.E. Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ; Ismael, A.; Ghaliony, M.A. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). ; Pierson, F.W. Their fast and prodigious growth and short reproductive cycles make them ideal for performing large numbers of experiments quickly. ; Lee, S.W. evaluated the replication of strain HB-L3, gt4 swine HEV (90.9% homology to a Beijing human strain) in the ovary and explored structural and molecular alterations stimulated by the intraperitoneal injection of HEV in rabbits. conducted a study with the inocula of 10, In addition, extra-hepatic replication has been mentioned in rHEV-infected rabbits. ; Simard, C.; Houde, A. Spatial configuration of hepatitis E virus antigenic domain. The mothers liver is responsible for the removal of waste chemicals from the fetus, such as bilirubin. Sakaguchi, S. Regulatory T cells: Key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external tail, and less-well-developed hind limbs associated with scampering locomotion. Montella, M.; DArena, G.; Crispo, A.; Capunzo, M.; Nocerino, F.; Grimaldi, M.; Barbieri, A.; DUrsi, A.M.; Tecce, M.F. Rabbits are one of the most popular pets you can have. ; Tan, C.K. They are found in all parts of the world and are known for their ability to reproduce quickly. In lung sections, they observed pathological manifestations of pulmonary edema, and in kidney sections, focal lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the blood vessels appeared. For more information, please refer to Khuroo, M.S. 3.2. ; Pierson, F.W. Ollie, originally from the USA, holds his master's degree in wildlife biology and moved to Australia to pursue his career and passion but has found a new love for working online and writing about animals of all types. The two faces of hepatitis E virus. Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human. Unlike our teeth, these incisors dont have roots, and they never stop growing! Are Guinea Pigs Rodents Or Lagomorphs00:20 - What is the difference between lagomorphs and rodents?00:37 - What types of animals are lagomorphs?01:00 - ; Guenette, D.K. Prevalence and severity of acute viral hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis during pregnancy: A prospective study from north India. Other differences between rabbits and rodents include their physical appearance, behavior, and range. Salek Farrokhi, A.; Zarnani, A.H.; Moazzeni, S.M. ; Waldschmidt, T.J. Estrogen blocks early T cell development in the thymus. Liver, lymph node, small intestine, and colon tissues demonstrated a longer duration of HEV replication when compared to any other tissues. Experimental infection of rabbits with rabbit and genotypes 1 and 4 hepatitis E viruses. Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA were discovered in the placental tissues of HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. This is the only difference, so while rabbits are very similar to rodents, they are not rodents. ; Meng, X.J. ; Kmush, B.; Labrique, A.B. - Uncovered. The rodent is the largest order of animals, and it is estimated that nearly half of all mammal species are rodents. RT-PCR results for fecal, bile, and liver samples were negative for avian HEV infection. performed a comparative pathogenesis study of infected pigs with HEV recovered from a pig and a human from the above groups. Sayed, I.M. What You Need To Know! While mice have been a workhorse model system for demonstrating many complex biological functions, more study is needed to determine if a truly representative HEV pregnancy model can be established in these animals. What are the general characteristics of rodents? The other Asian pikas are burrowers that live in steppe and meadow habitats. Kasorndorkbua, C.; Thacker, B.J. Webrodents What is the largest order of mammals? Naidu, S.S.; Viswanathan, R. Infectious hepatitis in pregnancy during Delhi epidemic. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Although multiple studies have been conducted using NHPs, the disadvantage of not being the natural host of HEV, along with limited clinical presentations of the disease, makes it an unsuitable model for studying human HEV infection (, The chorioallantoic placenta of the mouse is discoid in shape and hemotrichorial in type [, In 2017, Sayed et al. They also demonstrated positive staining for the HEV antigen in placental tissue through immunohistochemistry (IHC). The experimental infection of pigs with gt3 HEV during gestation did not lead to enhanced morbidity or death. ; et al. Additionally, unlike most rodents, rabbits are primarily herbivorous animals that feed on grasses, leaves, seeds, bark, and other plant matter. Select from the 0 categories from which you would like to receive articles. Until the 20th century, people considered rabbits to be rodents and not lagomorphs. Rabbits have a hemodichorial and bidiscoid type of placenta [, In 2010, forty-two specific pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits were divided into 11 groups, with 1 group acting as the negative control in the first-ever pathogenesis study. Naked viruses that arent always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis. Cheng, X.; Wang, S.; Dai, X.; Shi, C.; Wen, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhan, S.; Meng, J. Hepatitis E virus strains in rabbits and evidence of a closely related strain in humans, France. Placental steroid hormone biosynthesis in primate pregnancy. Meng, X.J. It is now recognized that these two orders have long separate evolutionary histories. ; Bradley, D.W. Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: Delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses. Rabbits, hares, and a few other species make up the Lagomorpha. Rodents come from the Rodentia order of mammals. ; Lemon, S.M. Briefly, mice were injected IV with HEV gt4 (strain KM01) (1 10, Even though no maternal deaths were reported in the study, seven mice injected with HEV in mid-pregnancy developed miscarriages. They have a light impact on the earth, and theyre healthy, all-white meat. Rich in highly-quality proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, and minerals like calcium and potassium, rabbit meat is also lean and low in cholesterol. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. What You Need To Know! Experimental infection of rabbits with genotype 3 hepatitis E virus produced both chronicity and kidney injury. ; Wilcox, G.E. Costa, M.A. positive feedback from the reviewers. WebWhat are the Similarities Between Rodents and Lagomorphs? ; Meng, X.-J. ; Chang, C.W. They generated three differing cDNA clones (pSHEV-1, pSHEV-2, and pSHEV-3) by performing site-directed mutagenesis. ; Plant, S.L. Control of corpus luteum function in the pregnant rabbit: Role of estrogen and lack of a direct luteotropic role of the placenta. From barnyard to food table: The omnipresence of hepatitis E virus and risk for zoonotic infection and food safety. Takaki, H.; Oshiumi, H.; Shingai, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Seya, T. Development of mouse models for analysis of human virus infections. ; Halbur, P.G. ; Govindarajan, S.; Herbert, R.; St Claire, M.; Elkins, W.R.; Cook, A.; Shaver, C.; Beauregard, M.; Swerczek, J.; et al. After birth, two babies developed hypothermia and hypoglycemia and died within 24 h. On autopsy and liver biopsy, one of these infants had massive necrosis [, To date, there have been no animal models that could recapitulate all the clinical manifestations seen in humans (, An appropriate model system for the study of HEV during pregnancy must address several important criteria, which we summarize here. Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface. Rabbits were originally classified as rodents, but are now part of the order, Lagomorpha. They suggested that uterine damage in relation to endometrial thinning enhanced inflammatory response, and increased programmed cell death could be causative factors of pregnancy pathology. Wang, B.; Yang, X.L. Di Bartolo, I.; De Sabato, L.; Marata, A.; Martinelli, N.; Magistrali, C.F. Taneja, V. Sex hormones determine immune response. Rabbits are also social creatures that enjoy the company of humans or other animals.