Its not a question of a separate football club. Until the late forties their main rival was Belfast Celtic, a club based on the Irish catholic traditions of the area of West Belfast in which they were located. Founded in 1891 in Belfast, Northern Ireland,[1] it was one of the most successful teams in Ireland until it withdrew permanently from the Irish League in 1949. Niall McGinn, a Republic of Ireland fan and Catholic who could easily be playing Gaelic football for Tyrone instead of professional football, scored their second goal against Ukraine in their Group C clash. Explain that to the followers of clubs here. Answer (1 of 6): There's a lot of questions so sorry for the long answer to try and answer them all! The vast majority of Catholics would support Ireland rather than Northern Ireland; the rest just don't follow football at all. He was the club's first manager as a professional side, leading them to the Dutch . HVn8}W.R_@f >E-R;9sgoyU7 [1], Today, a small museum has since been opened in the Park Centre by the Belfast Celtic Society and a plaque reminds shoppers a football team played there. but never felt any affection towards the team; that my emotions are directed towards players from Dublin rather than Belfast. Bloody typical. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Football's power is that it is played and enjoyed by everyone. Irish eyes can smile in Belfast too. It is a small treasure, some more good news coming in the wake of Northern Irelands 2-1 Euro 2020 victory over Belarus the previous night. Latest news from the world of sport, along with the best in opinion from our outstanding team of sports writers, Adama Traore snatches victory for Wolves to dent Spurs Champions League hopes, Reiss Nelson scores last-gasp winner as Arsenal come back to beat Bournemouth, Manchester City keep pressure on Arsenal with win over Newcastle, Kevin Kilbane: Manchester Uniteds new mentality monster Casemiro enters Anfield, Pat Fenlon: Bohemians are completely different from when I was here as a manager, Before I would have held my husbands hand walking around the streets. , Vincent Kompany (@VincentKompany) June 12, 2016. Lisburn Distillery. It is not just football. The 1998 Belfast Accord or Good Friday Agreement presented Belfast's civic authorities with an opportunity to rebuild much of the devastated city. Instead, the throng saw an inspired Belfast combination score once in the opening session and again in the second half to sew up the decision. Foreign Fields and Foreigners on the Field: Irish Sport, Inclusion and Assimilation, Political Studies Association Conference, Belfast, 2012-Sport and Cultural Nationalism: The Conflict between Association and Gaelic football in Donegal, 1905-1934.. I am proud to be from that small region of the world, proud to be a 'Nordie'. Club info. He had a hard time of it. The International Journal of the History of Sport The Radicalisation of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ulster, 19121923: The Role of Owen O'Duffy, Kelly, J. and Bairner, A. Eire Og GAA (Football) Downhills Park, Downhills Park Road, London, N17 6AP. It was published by the Dublin Steam Printing Company of Middle Abbey Street and cost one shilling and 6d. Surprised they don't spraypaint the grass and trees. Advertisement Coins. The 31 year-old from Tyrone spoke of the three teenagers killed on St Patricks Day close to where McGinn grew up. I've only ever met a few & very few at that, that would support Northern Ireland. Groups pack the basement of St. Maximilian Kolbe Catholic Church during their annual fish fry on the first night of Lent, on Friday, Feb. 24, 2023, in the West Homestead neighborhood of Pittsburgh . 8th Old Boys FC DAWFL. Half-way round, Mr Connolly, editor of the Irish Echo, New York, took down a Tricolour which was flying in front of the enclosure. i like the way the names of all those towns sound really grim and foreboding. He was 22 years of age, he knew what he wanted. (yellow/blue).. Welcome to Live View Take the tour to learn more, http://www.thesefootballtimes.net/#!the-dark-side-of-the-pitch/c2205. Northern Ireland International Football Club Team Pin Badge loyalist | Sports Memorabilia, Football Memorabilia, Badges/ Pins | eBay! Cliftonville, Donegal Celtic would be the two clubs with the highest percentage of Catholic fans. But with England and Wales in another lockdown he was unable to attend the funeral and had to say farewell over Zoom. Mature dating service that'll help and many more dates in mutual relations services and connect with other and northern ireland we. Gambling can be addictive, use our online tools for a safer way to play. The club left the league for political reasons, as the team and its supporters were largely Catholic and Irish nationalist and its players had been violently attacked by a mob against its main rival Linfield in December 1948. It is a small treasure, some more good news coming in the wake of Northern Ireland's 2-1 Euro 2020 victory over Belarus the previous night. He has not bought into the top-down peace process and there are days back in non-tourist Belfast when you can understand his doubt. For members of that community, to stand and listen to it while supposedly preparing to play for your national side isto let oneself be represented by something so alien, to opposed to what you and those who reared you stand for that by not turning your back on that anthem, you are turning your back on them. In the circumstances the directors wish to make the strongest possible protest against the conduct of those responsible for the protection of the players in failing to take measures either to prevent the brutal attack or to deal with it with any degree of effectiveness after it developed. Now, however, the good times are back. Because the cry was heard again before both of last weeks matches. [19], For other types of football in Ireland, see, Association football in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland women's national football team, "IFA | Irish Football Association | Northern Ireland Football", "Football titles world league: Rangers top, but who is most dominant? Jul 25, 2008. In this respect, Everton shared an initial religious connection with many of the other new clubs that were to form the Football League back in 1888. Millward, P. (2009) Glasgow Rangers Supporters in the City of Manchester: The degeneration of a fan party into a hooligan riot International Review for the Sociology of Sport 44(4): 381-398. Are there any Catholic football clubs in England? Well here I am! OUR first chance of a league title in 98 years and I am working in England. [6][11][12], In New York City, the team were embraced as political martyrs by Irish nationalists. Civil society, change and constraint after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, 'Let The People Sing?' It is something that confuses friends and colleagues somewhat in the Republic. Shamrock Rovers is the best football / soccer team in Ireland today. Cookie Duration Description; cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics: 11 months: This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Home Clubs Football Manager 2023 Richhill. Pontifical Mission Societies "Only he can't play for Northern Ireland as he's signed an international transfer. [13], Sectarian tensions have long been a cause of conflict at football matches in Northern Ireland,[14] and crowd trouble marred games throughout the twentieth century. Things are changing. The Big Two derby, also referred to simply as the Big Two or Bel Classico, is the name given to the Northern Irish association football derby between Belfast clubs, Linfield and Glentoran.The derby is also sometimes referred to as the Belfast derby. You cling on. Data from the 2021 census showed 45.7% of respondents identified as Catholic or were brought up Catholic, compared with . It is so, so sad what happened, he said, my sister was down at the house the other day and my mum has been along as well. 0 coins. Northern Ireland Premier League stadium capacity bar chart. But afterwards, on McGinns name, the news began to pivot. Here is some news about the head of the Orange Order submitting the highest milage claim of any councillor in Scotland: Oi, my g'f is from Falkirk and she doesn't have a bigotted bone in her body. We average about 2,000 per home game and can take up to 1,000 away. Ditto Sinn Fein. I also enjoy explaining that in the Island of Ireland, the Church of Ireland and The Roman Catholic church have no border, but the Presbyterian Church is a Northern Irish peculiarity. Fighting for Ireland, playing for England? as sports that support the Catholic population through its exclusiveness, stresses political aspirations that champion the cause of an Irish Republic and that exclude the broad Protestant/unionist population. Since 1968, Cronin argues that the sport has failed to include the Catholic community with Catholic clubs being either forced out of existence or transferring their allegiance to the FAI. The Leinster Senior Football League, which operates the city's amateur leagues, has 20 different divisions to suit players of every calibre. [2][8] Northern Irish journalist Frank Curran later commented, "[Belfast F.C.] My maternal grandad was from Larkhall. The current Northern Ireland team is managed by a Catholic, Michael O'Neill, who played minor Gaelic football for Antrim, my own county. (2018) The 'talk o' the toon'? If so, where do Catholics fit in? Home Clubs Football Manager 2022 Rooftop. Other strands of Protestantism have been hectored into a corner down the years by Paisleyites and by the surrounding violence. It is not an established church and is independent of state control.Census statistics. It should be said there is not a "Protestant community", as in a bloc. Distances shown are the miles the fans of the Northern Ireland Premier League clubs would need to travel if they went to every away game, measured as the crow flies Tweet Northern Ireland Premier League stadium quiz Northern Ireland Premier League Football Clubs. The above are not Catholic clubs, in fact they probably have more Protestant fans than they have Catholic however they were, generally speaking, the club of choice for the Irish Catholic Londoner. An amateur youth football academy in Northern Ireland has pleaded with FIFA to waive a "crazy . The Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian denomination often known as The Kirk, is recognised in law as the national church of Scotland. The severe political violence that began to engulf Ireland in the 1920s spilled onto the pitches and terraces of the Irish League. And then there's clubs like Ballinamallard which are very cross community. But what of our league chances. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. As the only team with a Catholic following in Northern Ireland sometimes it has been hard although, to be honest, some of it has been our own fault. How did McGinn feel when a Co Tyrone NI supporters club apologised for the content, calling it despicable? I saw the remains coming home and it has been a desperate time for all the families involved. In that act, Seamus Coleman unleashed his pride, his honour, his joy at being Irish. And you read of pioneering Cliftonvilles sanguine expectations way back, remember Niall McGinns heart, see Rintys statue. The local lodges were still very vital community organisations there & we had to tread very carefully in our dealings with them. The third place belongs to Sporting Fingal, while Derry City and St Patrick's complete the Top 5 from the national ranking. Northern Ireland boss Michael O'Neill has claimed the Football Association of Ireland targets Catholic players to switch allegiance to the Republic. Little Ireland and the Port of Leith rapidly became associated with the Irish migrants. Linfield are based in south WEST Belfast , not EAST Belfast . Mitchell worries about education. I would then have no problem with going down the road and supporting the Republic as well. [13] [8], The Northern Ireland national football team is one of the oldest international teams in the world, it was founded in 1880. PPB Counterparty Services Limited, Betfair Casino Limited and PPB Entertainment Limited are licensed and regulated in Great Britain by the Gambling Commission under account numbers39439,39435and39426. Militant Protestant supporters of a Scottish football team have beaten to death a Catholic man in the latest sign of how sports rivalries inspire sectarian bloodshed in Northern Ireland, police . The goal is to inform policy and practice. Rank Club / Country . O'Neill intends to talk to Republic manager Martin O'Neill about the issue. Are St Mirren Catholic or Protestant? Cliftonville are the second best. Days that they say created wounds which will take generations to heal, perpetrated, they will tell you, by an entity that is represented by the anthem of a football team they will never support: 'God Save The Queen'. LIKE Annaclone Parish . The third place belongs to Crusaders, while Larne FC and Glentoran complete the Top 5 from the national ranking. There's a few places that would probably like to claim it. View Listing. There is a huge volume of writing on Parnell and even more on his era. A man walks past a Marian mural in Belfast, Northern Ireland, Feb. 20, 2013. Yet these really arent questions for Niall McGinn, these are questions for the Protestant community. i remember reading about larkhall in the paper, they smash the green traffic lights and everything. A few factual inaccuracies. Players born in Northern Ireland are eligible . Also there are some Northern Ireland fans that don't make Catholic fans feel especially welcome at Windsor Park. Cliftonville FC is the oldest football club in Ireland. PPB Counterparty Services Limited, having its registered address at Level 2, Spinola Park, Mikiel Ang. [15] In 1949, Belfast Celtic withdrew from the Irish League after years of sectarian crowd problems culminated in a Boxing Day match against Linfield at Windsor Park which ended in a pitch invasion and riot in which Belfast Celtic's Protestant centre forward, Jimmy Jones, suffered a broken leg. Derry City, who can attract crowds of between 5,000 and 10,000, now play in the League of Ireland. [15], Since 1968, Cronin argues that the sport has failed to include the Catholic community with Catholic clubs being either forced out of existence or transferring their allegiance to the FAI. The team came close to qualifying for the 2008 European Championships, and took part in the Nations Cup competition in 2011 along with Wales, Scotland and the Republic of Ireland. No, this is not true. it's not a big thing though in Irish . Dundalk FC are the second best. O'Neill went on to add he did not fear Paul Smyth, a Northern Ireland Under-21 international who scored on his QPR debut in January, would switch to the Republic ahead of an expected senior call-up later this year. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Mitchell worries about cultural exclusion. Uded to have dealings with schools in the Ardrie/Bellshill area & that could be pretty alarming TBH. Senior training every Tuesday and Thursday evening at 7.45pm. . Likely fearing that the incident would ensure the end of the team in Belfast, the Protestant Elisha Scott[3] sent a letter signed by seven of the players in which he explained the incident and claimed that the team was loyal to the United Kingdom: "Before the game the team was requested by the American Soccer League officials to parade in single file round the Stadium, led by myself. Just imagine, Cliftonville could be in the European Cup. It is unlikely many copies were printed and, almost 140 years on, survivors must be rare indeed. . A local parish priest has hit out at the body responsible for Catholic schools in Northern Ireland as it goes forward with a proposal to close a Co Tyrone primary school.. Fivemiletown priest . A place with its own sense of humour, way of being, its own personality. An agency of the Catholic Church established in 1977 as a caring service for those whose pregnancy is or has become a crisis. Sports Identities. It was called the King William. What does the Northern Ireland team mean to it? Paddy Barnes and Michael Conlan, Rory McIlroy and George Best, Liam Neeson and Seamus Heaney, Michael McLaverty and Stiff Little Fingers - I am proud to be from the same curious, utterly unique part of the world as them. Soccer, despite being a global game in a way that Gaelic Games are not, and having . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Belfast is not often called a good news city and part of the statues appeal lies in it not being a traditional landmark. What a dream. As long as 'God Save The Queen' is played before Northern Ireland games, Irish Catholics born north of the border will stay away from Windsor Park and will choose to play for and support the Republic of Ireland instead of Northern Ireland. In 2002 Celtic player Neil Lennon announced that he would no longer play for Northern Ireland because he received a death threat,[14] and death threats appeared on the walls of loyalist areas including in his home town of Lurgan, Co Armagh. I would enjoy the conundrum. XXIV (2013), pp. 00:01, 1 MAR 2023. [10] While the team was preparing to set sail for New York, it was announced publicly that Celtic intended to leave the league, pending the final decision of the club's shareholders at their annual meeting in June. Sanquhar (Dumfries & Galloway) seemed pretty orange. Privacy Policy. So there are other anthems, other tunes. The Dublin and District Schoolboys League, which has been around since 1943, is also affiliated with more than 200 clubs. I am from Northern Ireland. Linfield are based in south WEST Belfast , not EAST Belfast . Larkhall. [6] Celtic's support base was strongly Irish nationalist and Catholic but the club also enjoyed significant support from some local west Belfast Unionists and Protestants, who accounted for about 10 percent of the fan base.[2]. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? [17] Incidents of violence include trouble after Linfield player Conor Hagan was struck by a rocket fired from the crowd, and disturbances between Linfield and Glentoran fans at the 2008 Boxing Day match between the two clubs. Shortly after the opening of Little Ireland's first Catholic church in 1835, 16,000 of Edinburgh's 133,000 population were Irish and by 1848 Leith's population included almost 2000 Irish (ibid). There was only one pub on the high street. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [2], The Northern Ireland Women's Football Association (NIWFA) is the IFA's women's football arm. Donegal Celtic. Senior training every Tuesday and Thursday at 7pm. Taking this opportunity, they began creating an image of the city that had rid itself of the problem of sectarian violence, even though the city remains a violent urban environment. Human nature will cause some to blur the distinction between football, the one true religion, and other religions that may be more widely recognized as such. So they were cheek by jowl geographically with Belfast Celtic whose ground was on the Donegall Road ( incidentally the first greyhound track in Ireland , nort, The Dark Side of the Pitch - Sectarianism in Northern Ireland football. Politics and sport don't mix, eh? New X-ray scanners being unveiled by David Savage (left) and Ronnie Armour (Image: Michael Cooper) New X-ray body scanners are to be used in Northern Ireland's prisons as part . Players born in Northern Ireland are eligible to represent the Republic and O'Neill is peeved at losing potential future senior internationals. At the time, no specific reason was given to the public for the team's withdrawal from the Irish League. [7][8], Linfield issued a statement in which they blamed the attack on continual provocation from Celtic. Today there will be two Irish football teams playing European Championship qualifiers, while there is one Ireland rugby team in the World Cup . THIS is the angry Ulster football manager who last night denied reports that his club's fans were behind a vicious sectarian attack. This was not a footballer pressed into PR. . Monday 8 June 2020 15:26, UK. "[16][17] The game was Scotland's only defeat during their nine-match tour of North America[18] and it became one of the most famous in Celtic's history.[19]. East Asian Journal of Sport Thought, Vol 3 (1), pp: 207-229, Social and economic value of sport in Ireland, Culture and the Irish border : Spaces for conflict transformation, Still Hibernia Irredenta? Men and women tell tales in pubs and living rooms of the dark days, the days when it felt as though they were being suffocated by a great evil; days when it seemed like there was no escape. Last updated on 6 March 20186 March 2018.From the section Irish. %PDF-1.4
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Northern Ireland qualified for UEFA Euro 2016, progressing through the group stage and reaching the round of 16. Not all writing can be included in the present bibliography though it seeks to achieve a high degree of completeness. Ireland Football / Soccer Clubs Ranking Updated after matches played on 26 February 2023. "[2], Belfast Celtic played their final Irish League match on Thursday April 21, 1949 when they defeated Cliftonville 43 at Celtic Park. The Northern Ireland Women's Football Association (NIWFA) is the IFA's women's football arm. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, Extra 10% Nike discount code for students, 20% off selected items with this Footasylum discount code, 15% off when you sign up - New Balance newsletter discount, Extra 20% off selected fashion and sportswear at Very, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK March 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this March, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. As the world's most popular sport, football (known as soccer in the United States) is truly "catholic." His surname was Reilly. All rights reserved. Sports Identities. It would be irresponsible to claim the DUP and Sammy Wilson are not in touch with their constituency. Unless things change drastically, Ireland won't have such a rich seam running through the club over the next eight decades. Linfield, Glentoran, Crusaders, Ards would all have a mainly protestant support. Are they part of the team but not part of the identity? Lisburn Distillirey are pretty mixed i think, my mates brother played for them and said they were a decent enough bunch. [2][3] Belfast Celtic was one of four clubs that attracted the biggest crowds in the Irish League, the other three being Linfield, Distillery and Glentoran. Club info. Thus, it is no surprise that many have wondered over the years whether Everton drew its support more from the Catholic or Protestant side of the City of Liverpool. "I hope that Martin and I can get some sort of gentleman's agreement whereby if a young boy has represented Northern Ireland at aged 17 to 21, the FAI don't ask him to change," Michael O'Neill added. Not so long ago Paddy McCourt, then of Celtic - a club traditionally supported in Ireland by Irish Catholics - was the toast of Windsor after a virtuoso performance against the Faroe Islands. Who are the Catholic football teams in Ireland? Northern Ireland boss Michael O'Neill has claimed the Football Association of Ireland targets Catholic players to switch allegiance to the Republic. A firm sense of reality and yet a twinkle in the eye, a love of parody and irony, a great ability to laugh at oneself and a real, tangible, strong sense of home. The Irish Times reports that 54% of those . Best player: George Best. . [7], The Setanta Sports Cup was set up by its sponsors, television channel Setanta Ireland. Their efforts to present Belfast as a cosmopolitan city contrast with working-class youth's practices of engaging in communal violence as a means of rejecting their spatial and social marginalization, a result of the implementation of urban leaders' vision of the city, International Journal of the History of Sport. Since then, steps have been taken to ensure against a recurrence. Joining a Club. . In, Hughson, J., Palmer, C. and Skillen, F. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". When Irish Eyes Are Smiling is inscribed on the base, Rinty being known as the singing boxer and it being his signature song. Awards under the Northern Ireland Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme range from 1,000 to 250,000. It may not display this or other websites correctly. "Daniel Devine of Partick Thistle is a West Belfast boy and would have gone to the Euros with us. Celtic Park continued to function as a greyhound racing stadium until 1985, when it was demolished and replaced by the Park Centre, a small shopping centre. oE{1?SPqb %#qbIq~?tjIqnECSCh&H~&rR JQ,Pi"3P. Because as much as you try to convince yourself that everything has changed, that the group traditionally known as Irish Catholics are equal to the group traditionally known as British Protestants (naming the religious group merely denotes the community rather than any actual religious beliefs; young people in the north are as secular as their southern counterparts) in supporting the Northern Ireland football team, the playing of 'God Save The Queen' penetrates your consciousness and reminds you otherwise. JavaScript is disabled. '|nC?av}P!~
Ux6M,0|Ja F^!/kqk,Ws\~.oNxd#/L%<9 [20], Padraig Coyle wrote a play, Lish and Gerry, about Elisha Scott and Linfield trainer Gerry Morgan. The challenge, then, is to establish what works for whom in what circumstances and how programmes work. their football team supporters are into all that same union jack, god save the queen stuff as the rangers fans. And I am fiercely proud of all of these things. Association football in Northern Ireland, widely known as football or sometimes as soccer (to avoid confusion with Gaelic football), is one of the most popular sports in Northern Ireland. Photograph: Inpho/Presseye/Jonathan Porter, Monday afternoon, downtown Belfast: Rinty Monaghan was looking impressive, all 10ft of him, cast in bronze beside St. Anne's cathedral. The Northern Ireland Football League Premiership is only semiprofessional, leaving O'Neill with a tiny pool of players. The nationalist history of the Gaelic Athletic Association and the English influence on Irish sport. [18], In addition to problems in domestic football, the Northern Ireland international team has also suffered from sectarian problems. See Phone Number Call: +44 (0) 28 40671201. In so doing, the Club has managed to collect some strange fellow travellers, not least, ironically, from Ireland. In a 2011 profile, The Guardian spoke with Celtic fan Jimmy Overend, then 86, about the void left by the team's exit: Of the demise of the club, which had lit up the lives of politically oppressed, impoverished Catholics such as himself, a general labourer, Overend laments: "It was like a black cloud coming down, as if there was nothing to live for or look forward to on a Saturday. "[2], Celtic also felt that the response from the Irish Football Association had been wholly inadequate. [6] Northern Ireland also played host to the 2005 UEFA Under-19 European Championships. It is based precariously in North Belfast in the infamous murder mile. People are not barred from playing for, or just supporting, football teams based on religion. THE first GAA club in Ulster was formed in Ballyconnell, Co Cavan in 1885. The Premier has 10 teams who play each other four times. Then how did McGinn feel when he saw the video of Northern Ireland fans singing We hate Catholics, which came to light on Monday? Celtic, United and Everton are the main Catholic teams. Football is especially popular in Dublin's urban areas. Despite fairly low turnouts for each jurisdiction's leagues, the Setanta Cup drew relatively successful gate receipts and in its three-year existence has had one winner from the North (Linfield in 2005). Banbridge . One of life's little ironies that, considering the crowds we used to get in the 1970s. Northern Ireland joined FIFA in 1911, and UEFA in 1954. Fjt,. An admirable stoicism and perseverance; a toughness but yet an incredible level of loyalty and kindness to those around them. Grassroots football facilities across Northern Ireland will benefit from an initial 700,000 of UK government funding for improvements, as part of a major commitment to levelling up access to . knew that it wasn't a football problem, and that there was nothing they as a football club could do to end it. Why should I have to choose? (Eds.) Reliance jio giga fiber internet and lesbian dating sites. The impression may be otherwise, that those singing anti-Catholic songs are representative of the whole. Soon after, prominent Catholic clerics openly criticised the association for ill-tempered, drunken brawls at games taking . 5 Reasons to Update Your Business Operations, Get the Best Sleep Ever in 5 Simple Steps, How to Pack for Your Next Trip Somewhere Cold, Manage Your Money More Efficiently in 5 Steps, Ranking the 5 Most Spectacular NFL Stadiums in 2023.